The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) released an independent study documenting the impact of academia-industry technology transfer to the U.S. economy. Titled "The Economic Contribution of University/Nonprofit Inventions in the United States: 1996-2013," the report tracks academia-industry patent licensing over that 18-year period, estimating that it bolstered U.S. gross industry output by up to $1.18 trillion, U.S. gross domestic product by up to $518 billion and supported about 3.8 million U.S. jobs.