Ritter Pharmaceuticals Inc., of Los Angeles, said phase IIa microbiome data published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science showed that lead candidate RP-G28, a short-chain galactooligosaccharide (GOS), significantly modulated the gut microbiome composition of lactose-intolerant individuals. Significant changes in the diversity of the microbiota occurred in treated subjects upon reintroduction of dairy into the diet, and key bacterial taxa changes included increases in lactose-fermenting Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium, with those changes correlating with a symptomatic improvement in tolerance to lactose.