Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by the temporary or permanent loss of motion or sensation function caused by damage to the spinal cord. Among the mechanisms behind SCI, neuroinflammation is crucial as it modulates the sequelae of SCI, where microglia play a critical role, with M1 macrophages being the pro-inflammatory ones and M2 the anti-inflammatory phenotype.

Axonal regrowth is a crucial process for forming a compensatory neuronal network after spinal cord injury (SCI), but this is very limited in the adult mammalian central nervous system.

The central nervous system (CNS) in adult mammals has limited regeneration capacity, and traumatic injuries to the CNS usually lead to permanent functional impairment.