DUBLIN – Inflaming the tumor microenvironment has become the focus of a wide-ranging effort on the part of immuno-oncology researchers vying to boost the response rates of cancer immunotherapies. The approaches vary widely, from combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors to single checkpoint inhibitors combined with any number of agents, including traditional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, oncolytic viruses, targeted cancer drugs, cancer vaccines and other immunostimulatory treatments. The overriding aim is to turn off tumor-mediated immune suppression and to promote T-cell infiltration of tumors and recognition of cancer cells.