Collagens, and in particular type I collagen, are the most abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in atherosclerotic plaques.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a very common diagnosed arrhythmia and catheter ablation is an effective treatment, but recurrence occurs after catheter ablation and remains a medical challenge. MicroRNAs can be easily detected in the circulation, and they are epigenetic regulators in many biological processes; their usefulness as biomarkers of risk stratification in patients with AF was investigated.

The crosstalk between immune cells and multiple myeloma (MM) cells is an important determinant of MM progression, but the mechanisms behind this have not been fully defined.

There is a lack of biomarkers for disease activity in aortic stenosis (AS). On the other hand, citrullination is involved in many chronic inflammatory processes and citrullinated proteins have been found within atherosclerotic plaque.