A team at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) found that injured kidneys produce ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1 (ENPP1), a protein that hydrolyzes extracellular ATP into AMP and pyrophosphate, and that impedes tissue repair.

The FDA has cleared AD-NP1, a drug developed by University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) for heart tissue regeneration, to enter clinical trials. The monoclonal antibody blocks the production of ENPP1 protein, which was found to interfere with healing after a heart attack.