The B-raf kinase (BRAF oncogene) controls cell proliferation and survival through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. By contrast, constitutively activated mutated BRAF causes uncontrolled tumorigenesis while small-molecule inhibition arrests growth to cause tumor regression.
T-cell exhaustion is a differentiation state of T cells associated with tumor progression in the context of cancer. One of the co-stimulatory molecules in the tumor microenvironment, 4-1BB, triggers a signaling cascade resulting in cytokine secretion and upregulation of antiapoptotic molecules.
The SLC6A6 gene encodes the transporter of the amino acid taurine. In recently presented work, researchers from the Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, University of Basel and affiliated organizations aimed to investigate the molecular pathology of a novel mutation in SLC6A6 and its association with a syndromic form of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA).
Researchers from Hangzhou Polymed Biopharmaceuticals Inc. have reported the discovery and preclinical evaluation of HPB-092, an FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) dual inhibitor, being developed for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
The use of therapies based on immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in melanoma patients has greatly improved survival rates; however, many individuals either develop resistances or are nonresponsive to treatment.
The activation of GPR65 on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a key tumor-promoting process and GPR65 has been previously described as a genetically validated target in cancer. It was demonstrated that GPR65 functions as an immune checkpoint in acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), as it is activated by low pH in the TME.
Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can suppress T-cell recruitment and function and promote the expansion and dissemination of cancer cells depending on their functional states. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), TAMs are associated with resistance to sorafenib, the first-line treatment for advanced HCC.
Cytokines are potent immunomodulators with the potential to amplify cell-based immunity against cancer development. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) generates antitumor immunity by inducing B-cell activation and driving the development of antitumor T-cell response. The use of IL-21 in cancer treatment so far is limited due to inadequate pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity issues.
Researchers from Dong Wha Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. presented preclinical evaluation of a newly discovered histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH1/2 dual inhibitor, DW-91170, being developed for the treatment of lymphoma.
Researchers from Augusta University recently presented data from a study that aimed to assess the role of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT1) in neurovascular damage during diabetic retinopathy (DR).
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