Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by a variety of immune cells, including type 1 regulatory T cells and macrophages, as well as nonimmune cells such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts.

“I’m a pediatrician in metabolic diseases, and every day in my clinical work I’m confronted with our lack in effective therapies for our patients.” That was the sobering introduction by Sabine Fuchs in her talk at the 2025 Congress of the European Association for the Study of the Liver in Amsterdam this week. The nature of metabolic diseases makes it difficult to develop treatments for them. “There are over 1,500 diseases known by now, and it is just very difficult to develop therapies for each and every individual rare disease.”

Cadherin 17 (CDH17) is a membrane-bound cell adhesion molecule involved in tumor cell proliferation and is selectively overexpressed in several gastrointestinal malignancies, including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer.

Recent evidence has suggested that the use of norrin mimetics targeting both frizzled-4 (FZD4) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) may be highly effective at modulating retinal vascular leakage. When combined with an anti-VEGF therapy, it was hypothesized to have an additive benefit potential for treating retinal vascular disorders.