Ready or not, the future has arrived. Novel AI and brain-computer interface (BCI) systems are no longer confined to the realm of science fiction. As an increasingly intertwined human-machine model moves closer to adoption in real-world clinical and military practice, technological advances are sparking concerns over public health, ethics and national security.

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia are characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, forming neurofibrillary tangles, ultimately leading to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline.

The gut microbiota may be altered in people with depression as a result of treatment. These microorganisms reorganize differently in individuals who respond to therapy. In a multiomics study of antidepressant-naive patients presented at the 2026 World Congress of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP), scientists from National Taiwan University found that patients who improved after antidepressant treatment maintained a more balanced and functional microbial ecosystem, recovered beneficial metabolites, and displayed blood-based biological signals that aligned with these changes.

Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. reported another clinical study win with once-daily centanafadine, a non-stimulant compound targeting attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Top-line results of a dedicated phase IIIb study in patients with ADHD and comorbid anxiety found that centanafadine met the primary endpoint, defined as score improvements on the Adult Investigator Symptom Rating Scale, compared with placebo at week 8.

Elixirgen Therapeutics Inc. has entered into an option agreement with Nippon Shinyaku Co. Ltd. for the development and commercialization of EXG-7001 for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. EXG-7001 is a locally administered, full-length dystrophin mRNA therapeutic that is currently in preclinical development for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated genes provide direct therapeutic targets and reveal pathways that can be used to develop treatments that counteract their harmful molecular effects. Because the underlying causes of most ALS cases remain unknown, identifying disease-associated variants is essential to uncover the mechanisms that drive the disease, as shown at the European Network to Cure ALS (ENCALS) meeting, held in Madrid from June 24 to 26, 2026.

With the pace of neurotechnology development accelerating, a wave of brain-computer interface (BCI) companies is emerging on the heels of the pioneers. In the latest installment of BioWorld’s series on the BCI field, Rotem Kopel, CEO of Ability Neurotech SA, explains that following in the footsteps of the established players has its advantages. “It's not too bad to be a fast follower to a company like Neuralink.” Ability and its peers are either building more complete systems, or exploring different approaches from electrodes with newer materials to nanoparticles, while addressing technical and clinical challenges identified by earlier entrants and targeting different indications.