Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX, CA9) is a membrane-associated isoform of the α-carbonic anhydrase enzyme family, involved in pH regulation and the acidification of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in solid tumors. It is widely recognized as a marker of tumor hypoxia and serves as a prognostic indicator in multiple human cancers.

The OX40/OX40L costimulatory pathway is crucial for effective T-cell activation and is inducibly expressed in response to immunological stimulation. Targeting OX40L has demonstrated safety and efficacy in preclinical studies using nonhuman primate models of kidney and heart transplantation.

Insparin is a protein isolated from human adenovirus Ad36 that induces cellular glucose uptake without impacting safety. A preclinical study of insparin looked at its potential antidiabetic effects compared to those of pioglitazone.

All kinds of substances circulate through the bloodstream. Some are beneficial, like oxygen or nutrients, and others less so, like waste products, toxins, pathogens and certain trafficking cells. Among these harmful substances are deleterious factors associated with aging, which can prematurely damage different tissues. The big question is what are those factors that mediate such effects, and what can be done to prevent them. The 11th Cardiac Regeneration and Vascular Biology Conference, held on the Island of San Servolo, Venice, from June 30 to July 2, 2025, included presentations, oral sessions and posters addressing the impact of aging on the cardiovascular system.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonism is a validated approach for treating obesity. ECC-4703 is a small molecule and liver-targeting compound developed by Eccogene Co. Ltd. It is an agonist of thyroid hormone receptor β (THR-β) and its metabolic impact on preclinical models of obesity in combination with semaglutide was investigated.

Chinese researchers from Huazhong University of Science and Technology have developed a novel carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeting radiotracer, [68Ga]NXK-44, for the imaging of hypoxic tumors and renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Researchers from Grey Wolf Therapeutics Ltd. presented the preclinical characterization of GRWD-0715, a selective ERAP1 inhibitor developed as a disease-modifying therapeutic approach aimed at preventing CD8+ T-cell activation and the subsequent tissue inflammation and damage associated with autoimmune conditions.

ASC-47 is a thyroid hormone receptor β agonist, muscle-preserving weight loss compound for treating obesity developed by Ascletis Pharma Inc. ASC-47 demonstrated a half-life of 26 and 40 days in healthy subjects and in patients with obesity, respectively.

Agonists of immune checkpoint modulators for treating autoimmune and inflammatory disorders have shown high potential in immunotherapy. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) is known to exert immune checkpoint regulator functions in T cells aside from its classic role as an adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte trafficking.

Researchers at Washington University reported the preclinical validation of [18F]FQ-NeuroROS, a redox-sensitive reporter probe for imaging neuroinflammation in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, demyelination and axonal damage.