The autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involves upregulation of IgD, and studies have shown that anti-IgD antibodies can alleviate the autoimmune disorder rheumatoid arthritis in mouse models. Building on this finding, researchers in Hefei and Changshu, China, have shown that interrupting the interaction between IgD and its receptor FcδR can reduce cytokine levels and phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3, suppressing the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells in SLE.

Researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center found that autoantibodies targeting the exoproteome reshaped checkpoint inhibitor responses and opened new avenues to enhance immunotherapy. In the study published in the July 23, 2025, issue of Nature, the authors set out to address a long-standing question in cancer immunotherapy: why patients with the same type of cancer, treated with the same immunotherapy, can experience such drastically different outcomes.

Orbital Therapeutics Inc. has presented preclinical results supporting the development of OTX-201, a potential best-in-class in vivo CAR T therapy that comprises an optimized circular RNA encoding a CD19-targeted CAR delivered via targeted lipid nanoparticles.

We all look different to HIV, a virus that destroys the immune system. The defensive cells record every interaction with foreign agents, infections from viruses and bacteria, but also with mechanisms occurring within the body, such as microbiome metabolism, the effects of aging, or the development of diseases. At a preconference session at the 13th IAS Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2025), scientists explained the interactions of different microorganisms with HIV.

Graves disease (GD)-associated hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies that stimulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones.

There is still no effective vaccine or cure for HIV. Scientists are considering options ranging from longer-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) that space out injections by several years to long-lasting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) that acts as a vaccine while immunization is achieved. What else can be done? The “Innovations in HIV virology: Translating discoveries into novel therapies” symposium in basic science at the 13th IAS Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2025), which took place from July 13 to 17, 2025, in Kigali, Rwanda, showcased some of the new ideas that the scientific community are developing.

The U.S. FDA has cleared Genetic Leap’s IND application for GL-IL2-138, a small-molecule RNA drug that modulates natural IL-2, allowing for downregulating or upregulating of the immune system to fight diseases.

Illimis Therapeutics Inc. raised ₩58 billion (US$42 million) in a series B financing round. The funds will support development of ILM-01, its lead bispecific fusion protein candidate, into preclinical development for Alzheimer’s disease by the second half of 2025, along with the company’s neuroimmunology portfolio.