Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used as a screening tool for prostate cancer but presents limited sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, research efforts are focused on searching for novel noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers.

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) have been proposed as therapeutic targets in multiple pathologies, including cancer, inflammation and neuronal and metabolic diseases. SP-600125 is one of the first-generation reversible ATP-competitive inhibitors of JNK1/2/3 and has shown anticancer potential against leukemia, lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer, among others.

The protease mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation 1 (MALT1) is a signaling protein with both molecular scaffolding and protease activity involved in lymphocyte activation. MALT1 is considered a therapeutic target for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in patients who develop resistance to Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors.

Among the most profound results presented at the 2024 European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress were the 10-year data from the Checkmate-067 and Keynote-006 trials of Opdivo and Keytruda as first-line agents in advanced or metastatic melanoma in which 10-year overall survival topped 40%. The success of checkpoint blockade, however, has not extended to all tumor types, but in 2024, molecular studies have led to advances in gene therapies and a multitude of approaches that have opened the door to hope.

Io Therapeutics Inc. has presented new preclinical data on their RARγ agonist IRX-5010 for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).