B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer. Although pediatric ALL is cured in over 90% of cases, children with high-risk BCP-ALL present increased chance of treatment failure and relapse.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a type of acute kidney injury commonly affecting hospitalized patients and associated with poor outcomes, including increased risk of death in severe cases. IRI is caused by a transient reduction in renal blood flow followed by blood reperfusion.

The immune system is a critical factor of host survival, allowing resistance to infections and maintaining tissue integrity. The activation of immune responses requires precise regulation to assure a balance between the benefits and costs of these responses. Moreover, the theory of antagonistic pleiotropy proposes that traits beneficial to early-life fitness may sustain costs that manifest later in life, after the period of strongest natural selection, where aging introduces further complexities for cooperative defenses. As a result of this, hosts of different ages may manifest distinct disease courses despite infection with the same pathogen.