Immunity is not a function most people particularly associate with the liver. But because of its connection to the gut, the liver is exposed to bacterial metabolites as few other organs are. And when either the liver or the gut is not functioning well, it can adversely affect immunity as well. The liver is connected to the gut via both the biliary system and the portal vein. Those two conduits allow metabolites from the gut microbiome to influence what’s going on in the liver. Both liver and gut damage can affect this communication for the worse. And surprisingly, one of the consequences is immune dysfunction.

“I’m a pediatrician in metabolic diseases, and every day in my clinical work I’m confronted with our lack in effective therapies for our patients.” That was the sobering introduction by Sabine Fuchs in her talk at the 2025 Congress of the European Association for the Study of the Liver in Amsterdam this week. The nature of metabolic diseases makes it difficult to develop treatments for them. “There are over 1,500 diseases known by now, and it is just very difficult to develop therapies for each and every individual rare disease.”

Targeted protein degradation has yet to notch its first approval. But with more than two dozen agents now in clinical trials, the strategy’s ultimate clinical validation appears to be a matter of time.

“I think we’ve come a long way in understanding the importance of this biology. We know it affects men and women, children and adults,” Paul Mischel told the audience during his plenary talk at the 2025 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR 2025). “It’s very prevalent, it’s very devastating. It creates resistance. And we’ve learned some very fundamental rules about this biology that are driving it.”

“Just simply getting old, from age 50 to 75, increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease by 100-fold, which really dwarfed 10-fold increase in risk, conferred by all known risk factors combined, including APOE genotype, being a female, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity and diabetes.

“Just simply getting old, from age 50 to 75, increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease by 100-fold, which really dwarfed 10-fold increase in risk, conferred by all known risk factors combined, including APOE genotype, being a female, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity and diabetes. And this trend stays true for almost all chronic diseases,” Yousin Suh told her audience earlier this week during a talk for the NIH Director’s Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series.

On Jan. 21, economist Jay Bhattacharya spoke publicly for the first time since becoming the current NIH director, addressing the NIH Council of Councils in an open session. The goal of Bhattacharya’s remarks seemed to be to reassure troubled staffers. His reassurances, however, were given in the face of another blow to NIH research.

Compared to other forms of prevention, a unique issue for pandemic preparedness is that it is forever unclear what pathogen, exactly, the world needs to be prepared for. There are an estimated 300,000 viruses that infect mammals; add in birds, and the estimate grows to more than half a million. Some of those viruses are much greater threats than others.

Compared to other forms of prevention, a unique issue for pandemic preparedness is that it is forever unclear what pathogen, exactly, the world needs to be prepared for. There are an estimated 300,000 viruses that infect mammals; add in birds, and the estimate grows to more than half a million. Some of those viruses are much greater threats than others.

Compared to other forms of prevention, a unique issue for pandemic preparedness is that it is forever unclear what pathogen, exactly, the world needs to be prepared for. There are an estimated 300,000 viruses that infect mammals; add in birds, and the estimate grows to more than half a million. Some of those viruses are much greater threats than others.